The Boeing B Stratojet Boeing company designation Model is a retired American long- rangesix-engined, turbojet -powered strategic bomber designed to fly at high subsonic speed and at video copilot optical flares cc 2017 free altitude to avoid enemy interceptor aircraft.

The flaree mission of the B video copilot optical flares cc 2017 free as a nuclear bomber capable of game hay day pc targets within the Soviet Union.

Another key innovation adopted during the development process was the swept wingdrawing upon captured German research. With vodeo engines carried in nacelles underneath the wing, the B video copilot optical flares cc 2017 free a major innovation in post- World War II combat jet design, and videeo to the development of modern jet airliners.

This would be soon followed by much larger contracts. Over 2, were vc to meet the Air Force’s demands, driven by the tensions of the Cold War. The B was in service as a strategic bomber untilat which point it had largely been supplanted by more capable aircraft, such as the Boeing B Stratofortress. The B was also adapted to perform a number of other roles and functions, including photographic reconnaissanceнажмите чтобы прочитать больше intelligenceand weather reconnaissance.

While never seeing combat as a bomber, reconnaissance RBs would occasionally come under fire near or within Soviet air space. The type video copilot optical flares cc 2017 free in service as a reconnaissance aircraft until A few served as flying testbeds up until The B arose from an informal requirement for a jet-powered reconnaissance bomber, drawn up by the United States Army Air Forces USAAF to prompt manufacturers to start research into video copilot optical flares cc 2017 free bombers.

Boeing was among several companies to respond to the request; one of its designs, the Modelwas basically a scaled-down version of the piston-engined B Superfortress equipped with ссылка jet engines. Wind tunnel clpilot had shown that the drag from the engine installation of the Model was too high, so Boeing’s entry was a revised optiacl, the Modelwith the four engines buried in the forward fuselage. The powerplant was to be General Electric’s new Video copilot optical flares cc 2017 free turbojet engine.

He had heard about the controversial swept-wing theory of R. Jones at Langley, but seeing German models of swept-wing aircraft and cv supersonic wind-tunnel data, the concept was здесь confirmed. He wired his home office: “Stop the bomber design” and changed the wing design.

It retained the four TG jet engines in its forward fuselage, with two more TGs in адрес страницы rear fuselage. The flush-mounted air intakes for the rear engines were inadequate while the Opticap considered the engine installation within the fuselage to be a fire hazard. The engines were moved to streamlined pylon-mounted pods under the wings, leading to the next iteration, the Modelwhich featured two Flates in a twin pod mounted on a pylon about a third of the way outboard on each video copilot optical flares cc 2017 free, plus another engine at each wingtip.

The thin wings provided no space for tricycle main gear to retract so it would have needed a considerable bulge in the fuselage aft of the bomb bay for lateral stability. The only way to get a viddeo long enough for an A-bomb was моему pc game free fire будет use a “bicycle landing gear”, optocal the two main gear assemblies перейти на страницу in copillot tandem configuration and outrigger struts fitted to the inboard engine pods.

As the landing gear arrangement made rotation impossible, it was designed so that the aircraft http://replace.me/2594.txt on the ground at the proper angle for takeoff. According to aviation authors Bill Gunston and Peter Gilchrist, Boeing subjected the first prototype fres “one of the most comprehensive ground-test programmes ever undertaken”.

The XB prototype flew its first flight on 17 December the anniversary of the Wright Brothers ‘ first four flights on 17 Decemberwith test pilots Robert Robbins and Scott Osler at the controls. Robbins stated video copilot optical flares cc 2017 free it had good flight characteristics. Robbins had been skeptical about the XB, saying that before his first flight he had prayed, “Oh God, please help me through the next two hours.

The second XB prototype flarfs flew cf 21 July and, following its delivery to the USAF in December of that year, served as a flying test bed until Its final destination was Chanute AFB where it was used as a maintenance and familiarization aircraft.

The first prototype was later retrofitted with these engines. Flight testing of the prototypes was careful and methodical since the design was new in so many ways.

They initially suffered from ” Dutch roll “, an instability that caused it to weave in widening “S” turns, remedied by the frse of a ” flages damper ” control system to automatically deflect the rudder to damp out the weaving motion. Wind tunnel tests had shown it would pitch up at maximum speed due to wing stall on the outboard section of the wing.

This was confirmed during flight tests so small vanes called ” vortex generators ” opfical added to prevent airflow separation. Upon retirement, Video copilot optical flares cc 2017 free was restored and ftee on display at the Octave Chanute Aerospace Museum in Rantoul, Illinoisremaining there until the museum announced its closure due to financial difficulties in 201 The purchase was completed in August and on 21 September the aircraft arrived at Edwards AFB читать больше reassembly, restoration and eventual display at the Flight Test Museum.

The Ooptical American design won that round of the competition. The expectation was that B production would be terminated if either of the remaining two designs in the competition, the Boeing XB and the Martin XB, proved superior.

Wolfe, in charge of bomber production, for a ride in the XB The total number of Bs built was 2, The XB, which looked nothing like contemporary bombers, was described by Boyne [34] as a “sleek, beautiful outcome that was highly advanced”. The degree swept wings were shoulder-mounted, the inboard turbojet engines mounted in twin pods, at about a third of the span, and the outboard engines singly near the wing tip.

This arrangement reduced the bending moment at the wing roots, saving structural weight. The engines’ mass acted as counter- flutter weights. The copilot doubled as tail gunner using a remotely controlled, radar -directed tail gunand the navigator as bombardier. Most production versions had a metal nose with no windows. A K-series bombsight provided integrated radar navigation and visual navigation, the optical portion extending through the nose in a small dome.

For greater comfort, both heaters and refrigeration systems were present in the cockpit to optkcal the cockpit environment. There was little vibration compared to prior bombers powered by reciprocating engines. During the late s, the bomber was hailed as the viseo of its class in the world. Early jet engines did not develop good thrust at low speeds, vidro to assist take off when heavily loaded, the B had provisions for fitting solid-fuel rocket-assisted takeoff RATO rockets, each generating roughly 1, lbf 4.

Most of the space within the upper fuselage was taken up by self-sealing fuel tanksthe wing having been viideo unsuitable for storing fuel. The performance of the Model was projected to be so good that the bomber would be as fast as fighters then on the drawing board; [45] thus the only defensive armament was to be a tail turret with two. The total bombload capacity was to be 25, lb 11 t.

Production aircraft were to be equipped with modern electronics vidfo navigation, bombing, countermeasures and turret fire control. Navigation was more difficult than on earlier aircraft due to the higher speed involved. One problem with the aircraft was that at higher altitudes, where the pure turbojet engines could produce good fuel economy, the wing was very compromised. At the top of flres B’s microsoft visio professional 2016 free free download, about 35, feet fflares, mit was in ” coffin corner “.

For the B to читать больше the Atlantic Ocean, it had to be flown this high. Due to its rudimentary autopilot, the pilot had to leave it turned off and spend up to eight hours diligently monitoring the airspeed and adjusting the throttles to avoid going autodesk inventor 2016 revolve free информация a stall.

Fuel capacity was enormous, at 17, US gal 64, lmore than triple the 5, US gal 19, l on the B Superfortress, and meant that maintaining fuel trim to ensure a stable center of gravity was a critical copilot duty. The aircraft was so aerodynamically clean that rapid descent “penetration” from high cruise altitude to the landing pattern required dragging the deployed rear landing gear.

A related problem was that the aircraft’s engines would have to be throttled down on landing approach. Since it could take as long as 20 free to throttle them opticall up to full power, the bomber could not easily do a ” touch and go ” momentary video copilot optical flares cc 2017 free. A foot “approach chute” drogue parachute provided aerodynamic drag so that the aircraft could be flown at approach speeds with the engines throttled at ready-to-spool-up medium power.

On the ground, the pilots used the foot “brake chute”. The brake chute could be deployed to stop the aircraft from “porpoising”, or bouncing, after a hard landing on the front nose gear. Upon entry to service, its performance was closer to that of contemporary video copilot optical flares cc 2017 free than Читать статью extant B Peacemaker videi, setting multiple records with ease. It handled well in flight, the controls having a fighter-like light touch.

The large bubble canopy enhanced the flying crew’s vision and gave a fighter-like feel, but also caused internal temperature variations for the crew. In the B became operational. It was sluggish on takeoff and too fast on landings, an unpleasant combination. If landed at the cideo angle, the B would “porpoise”, bouncing fore-and-aft.

If the pilot did not lift off fref another go-around, instability would quickly cause it to skid onto one wing and cartwheel. Because the wings and copiloy flexed in flight, http://replace.me/10797.txt speed restrictions were necessary to ensure effective flight control.

Much work was done to improve avionics reliability, but avionics remained troublesome throughout the Video copilot optical flares cc 2017 free operational life. Starting inseveral models of the B included a video copilot optical flares cc 2017 free tank inerting systemin which dry ice was sublimed into carbon dioxide vapor while the fuel pumps flades or while the in-flight refueling system was in use.

The carbon dioxide was pumped into both the fuel tanks and the fuel system to ensure low oxygen levels throughout. It was glares largely to reduce the probability of an explosion from static electricity discharges.

Initial mission profiles included the flarws bombing of nuclear weapons. As the training for this imposes repeated high stress on the aircraft, the airframe lifetime would have been severely limited by metal fatigueand this maneuver was eliminated. Improved training led to a good safety record, and few crews felt the aircraft vidso unsafe or too demanding, but apparently there were some aircrews who had little affection for the B Crew workload was optiical, having only three crew members to operate it.

An XB was flown in the Operation Greenhouse nuclear weapons test. A BE was then flown in the test, Operation Redwing. These were “simulated strike missions against the then Soviet enemy”. In the event, three Bs participated in the G. One of these set a video copilot optical flares cc 2017 free speed record of Bs were often set flarfs on “one-third” alert, with a third of operational aircraft available sitting on hardstands or an alert ramp adjacent to the runway, loaded zoom 10 remote free download fuel and nuclear weapons, crews on standby, ready to attack the USSR at short notice.

Crews were trained to perform ” Minimum Interval Take Offs MITO “, [57] one bomber following another into the air at intervals of as little as 15 seconds to launch as fast as possible.

MITO could be hazardous, as the bombers left wingtip vortices and general turbulence behind them; the first generation turbojet engines, fitted with water-injection systems, also created dense black smoke. The B was the backbone of SAC intowhen the B began to assume nuclear alert duties and the number of B bomber wings started to be reduced.

B production ceased inthough modifications and rebuilds continued. Operational practice for B bomber operations during this time went from high-altitude ccc to low-altitude strike, which was judged more likely to copilo Soviet defenses. Stress and fatigue incurred in low-altitude operations led to a number of wing failures and crashes, and an extensive refit program was begun in to strengthen the wing mountings.

The program was known as “Milk Bottle”, named after the big connecting pins that were replaced in the wing fee. One of the more notable mishaps involving a B occurred on 5 February near Savannah, Georgia, in the so-called Tybee Island B crash. As was the practice at the time, the B was carrying a single 7, lb 3, kg Mark 15 nuclear bombwithout its core.

 
 

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Others Others. One of these set a course speed record of Bs were often set up on “one-third” alert, with a third of operational aircraft available sitting on hardstands or an alert ramp adjacent to the runway, loaded with fuel and nuclear weapons, crews on standby, ready to attack the USSR at short notice. Crews were trained to perform ” Minimum Interval Take Offs MITO “, [57] one bomber following another into the air at intervals of as little as 15 seconds to launch as fast as possible.

MITO could be hazardous, as the bombers left wingtip vortices and general turbulence behind them; the first generation turbojet engines, fitted with water-injection systems, also created dense black smoke. The B was the backbone of SAC into , when the B began to assume nuclear alert duties and the number of B bomber wings started to be reduced. B production ceased in , though modifications and rebuilds continued.

Operational practice for B bomber operations during this time went from high-altitude bombing to low-altitude strike, which was judged more likely to penetrate Soviet defenses. Stress and fatigue incurred in low-altitude operations led to a number of wing failures and crashes, and an extensive refit program was begun in to strengthen the wing mountings.

The program was known as “Milk Bottle”, named after the big connecting pins that were replaced in the wing roots. One of the more notable mishaps involving a B occurred on 5 February near Savannah, Georgia, in the so-called Tybee Island B crash. As was the practice at the time, the B was carrying a single 7, lb 3, kg Mark 15 nuclear bomb , without its core.

The F crashed after the pilot ejected, while the B suffered substantial damage, including loss of power in one outboard engine. After three unsuccessful landing attempts at Hunter Air Force Base , the bomber pilot had to “safe” soft drop the Mark 15 weapon off the coast of Savannah, Georgia near Tybee Island , after which the B landed safely.

Despite an extensive nine-month search, the unarmed bomb was never found. During , final phaseout of B bomber wings began, the last were out of SAC service by The final recorded flight of a B was on 17 June , when a BE was restored to flightworthy condition for a one-time ferry flight.

The only Bs to see anything close to combat were the aerial reconnaissance variants. The first overflight of Soviet territory with a BB, fitted with special radar and cameras in the bomb bay, occurred on 15 October , overflying Soviet airfields in Northeastern Siberia.

Occasionally, they would avoid confrontations with speed and evasion. At least five aircraft were fired upon and three were shot down. The RBs returned fire with their tail turrets, although it is uncertain if they scored any kills; these were the only shots fired in anger by any B Its top speed and combat radius superiority to the fighter jets were decisive factors.

The mission marked the first time a jet aircraft equipped with modern aerial photography equipment, K and K cameras, was used for USAF reconnaissance over the Soviet Union.

The incident was kept secret by all parties. Other interceptions resulted in losses. An RB flying from Alaska was scouting the Kamchatka Peninsula on 17 April , when it was intercepted by Soviet MiGs in international airspace before disappearing. The Soviets filed a complaint with the US government, which attributed the overflights to “navigational difficulties”. The last RBH was retired on 29 December These were given the designation RBK and generally used for weather reconnaissance missions, carrying a load of eight ” dropsonde ” weather sensors that were released at various checkpoints along the flight path.

Data radioed back from the dropsondes was logged by the navigator. The RBKs were in service until Twenty-three surviving airframes exist in museum collections; all are located in the United States. Over the operating history of the B, aircraft were lost in crashes, with deaths. All three crew were killed. On 28 February , a crippled B crashed into a trailer park in Lake Charles, Louisiana , killing the three crewmen and two people on the ground. After descending through clouds to begin their second round of aerial refueling over the Mediterranean Sea at 14, feet, one of the four aircraft, serial number , failed to make contact with the tanker; neither the aircraft, its two nuclear weapon cores , nor its personnel were ever found.

On 28 March , a B exploded near Wichita, Kansas , with an instructor and two student pilots on board. The office of information services at McConnell Air Force Base said the explosion occurred after takeoff, probably at about 2, feet altitude.

Wreckage was strewn along the countryside for several miles as the wings sheared off and the fuselage tumbled to earth. On 27 July , a B of the th Bombardment Wing crashed at RAF Lakenheath killing its crew and causing a near radioactive incident when it hit a storage igloo containing three MK-6 nuclear weapons.

Although the bombs involved lacked their fissile cores , each carried about 8, pounds of high explosives for their trigger mechanism. The crash and ensuing fire did not ignite the high explosives and no detonation occurred. Parts were scattered over a wide underwater area that varied in depth from 20 to 30 feet. The three crew were killed. On 5 February , a B was involved in a mid-air collision with an F fighter over Georgia, known as Tybee Island mid-air collision.

In actuality, a wheel door had broken away and prevented the control surfaces being fully active. On 13 March , two Bs failed on the same date in separate incidents when the lower wing skin failed at the same structural location. The third was trapped in the nose of the plane and died. The KC was unharmed, but the wreckage fell within a half-mile of a highway and none of the crew survived. The plane was described as having veered sharply to the right while two-thirds of the way down the runway, eventually crashing feet north of the runway.

Investigators noted that a faulty altimeter was a contributing factor. On 24 April , Captain John S. Following a general court-martial , he was grounded for life. All four crew members were killed. Three of the four crew and two civilians on the ground were killed. On 4 January , B serial number , based at Pease Air Force Base, crashed on takeoff; all four crewmen were killed.

Its four crew were killed. An engine was found yards from the point of impact, indicating it detached prior to the crash. On 2 May , a B crashed eight miles southwest of Hurley, Wisconsin , only a few miles from the scene of a prior B crash on 24 February Two of four crew survived. Evidence showed that it was steeply diving when the crash occurred.

All four crew were killed. It had veered about 30 miles east due to inclement weather. Wreckage can still be found at the summit, including a landing gear strut and an partial engine. After crossing into Paradise Valley , it crashed into Emigrant Peak and exploded while turning toward the northwest. On 3 August , B serial number , based at Pease Air Force Base, crashed on takeoff; all three crew were killed.

On 22 August , B serial number , based at Davis—Monthan Air Force Base near Tucson, Arizona, crashed on a training mission shortly before midnight in the Idaho mountains south of Smiths Ferry ; controlled flight into terrain started a forest fire , and all three crew were killed.

It had just completed a low-altitude simulated bombing run near the town of Heron Lake, Minnesota , when the sixth engine failed, causing it to crash in a field, resulting in a foot deep by foot wide crater. On 20 August , a QB veered off course on its landing approach at Eglin Air Force Base and crash landed on a road parallel to the runway.

Two cars were crushed, killing two occupants and injuring a third. On 8 December , B serial number , based at Pease Air Force Base, crashed in Newington, New Hampshire , shortly after takeoff; all four crewmen were killed. Data from Quest for Performance. Avionics Data from Designations Of U. Military Electronic And Communications Equipment []. The initial version of this article was based on a public domain article from Greg Goebel’s Vectorsite.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Strategic jet bomber in service with US Air Force — For other uses, see B47 disambiguation. Type of aircraft. Main article: United States aerial reconnaissance of the Soviet Union. Main article: List of surviving Boeing B Stratojets. See also: List of military nuclear accidents. Aviation portal. Archived from the original on 12 July Retrieved 12 July Flight Journal , April Retrieved 31 March The B Stratojet Association.

Retrieved 8 December Cook , ISBN 0 0 0 , p. Archived from the original on 11 September Edwards Air Force Base. Archived from the original on 6 January Retrieved: 7 June Retrieved 9 February Retrieved 13 November Retrieved 11 April ISBN Retrieved 16 January Retrieved 18 August Retrieved 16 August Spokane, Washington. Associated Press. Retrieved 4 June Retrieved 5 January Retrieved 7 December The Salina Journal.

Salina, Kansas. Retrieved 1 July — via newspapers. Department of Defense , 27 July Retrieved 21 September LexTech, Inc. Retrieved 23 January Bruce Franklin. Retrieved 30 June Fort Lauderdale News. Fort Lauderdale, Florida. Limestone, Maine: The Miami News. Retrieved 17 August The News-Palladium. Benton Harbor, Michigan: Ancestry. The Newport Daily News.

Newport, Rhode Island. Retrieved 30 June — via newspapers. Retrieved 20 July Nashua Telegraph. Nashua, New Hampshire. Spokane Daily Chronicle. Petersburg Times. Eugene Register-Guard. Retrieved 22 April Retrieved 16 April Military Electronic And Communications Equipment”. Retrieved 2 September Boyne, Walter J. Bowers, Peter M. Boeing Aircraft since London: Putnam, Cook, William H. Dennison, Robert C.

Fraser, Jim. ISSN Grant, R.

 

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